View Document (7).docx from CSC 3426 at University of Southern Queensland. Define the test method test_circlecircum_with_max_radius which creates circle c3 with radius 1000 and check if its computed circumference match the value 6283.19. You can also provide a link from the web. All classes have a function called __init__(), which is always executed when the class is being initiated. It works by parsing the help text to find examples, running them, then comparing the output text against the expected value. In your case you should get an error, since you're not passing the right amount of arguments. This method is called the constructor. The data stored in self is meant to be shared with the helper methods during an execution, but not between calls. Mind that __init__ method is a special case. Constructors are used to initialize the object’s state. Contribute your code and comments through Disqus. To understand the meaning of classes we have to understand the built-in __init__() function. What does the python init method do? This tedium makes me prefer writing functions over methods, but I hate to sacrifice on design. The optional argument parser specifies a class or function that should be used to create new DocTest objects (or objects that implement the same interface as DocTest). In this lesson, we will try to understand the use of __init__ completely with good examples. In other words, it must have a __iter__ method that returns itself (with the current state unaltered). Doctests: run doctests with nose¶. By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Cookie Policy, Privacy Policy, and our Terms of Service. The Doctest Module finds patterns in the docstring that looks like interactive shell commands.. Many developers find doctest easier to use than unittest because, in its simplest form, there is no API to learn before using it. The optional argument `parser` specifies a class or function that should be used to create new DocTest objects (or objects that implement the same interface as DocTest). Functions. However, it’s not *just* a function. The __init__() Function. The examples above are classes and objects in their simplest form, and are not really useful in real life applications. When this directory/package is empty, and a doctest.testmod() is executed, the behaviour changed from 3.6 to 3.7, which I didn't find in the "what's new" documentation. The first argument refers to the current object. A class can have one and only one constructor. Let's take an example. 1. doctests for 'init' which creates a circle 'c1' with radius 2.5 and checks that accessing attribute 'radius' return 2.5. Since the class is automatically instantiated for each call, there is no need for an __init__ function. For a limited time, find answers and explanations to over 1.2 million textbook exercises for FREE! That's a much better solution for the initial problem than using a class variable. The knowledge of python is very essential for the software developers. My first three tests will be for paragraphs, single asterisk em tags, and double asterisk strong tags. To understand the meaning of classes we have to understand the built-in __init__() function. __init__.py can end up very cluttered if there are many modules with many functions. In order to emulate a function object, a class must define the method __call__(). For example, the color variable in the __init__ method is a local variable (not the self.color variable). Example 1: Docstrings def square(n): '''Takes in a number n, returns the square of n''' return n**2. doctest circle.txt - define 1 doctests for'init which creates a circle'c1 with radius 2.5 and checks that accessing attribute'radius return 2.5 define. Choose one convention to document the __init__ method and be consistent with it. Also note that you should not call __init__() directly, that's what Circle(2.5) does. The Doctest Module finds patterns in the docstring that looks like interactive shell commands.. The examples above are classes and objects in their simplest form, and are not really useful in real life applications. Whenever a beginner starts learning the Python programming language, they come across something like __init__ which usually they don’t fully understand. My code is: __init__ ( self, verbose=False, parser=DocTestParser(), recurse=True, _namefilter=None, exclude_empty=True, ) Create a new doctest finder. The doctest cases are written into the docstring for a module, class, method, or function. An instanceis a particular realization of a class. The class constructor should be documented in the docstring for its __init__ method. Only the preconditions and postconditions specified for the __init__ method of the concrete class apply. It pieces together the functionality from the sub-modules. Previous: Write a Python class named Rectangle constructed by a length and width and a method which will compute the area of a rectangle. One of the most widely used and one of the most misunderstood is init in python. In python, you can carry out unit testing via built-in modules unittest and doctest. The unittest module supports all features needed to run unit tests: define: 1. doctests for 'init' which creates a circle 'c1' with radius 2.5 and checks that accessing attribute 'radius' return 2.5. define the class method area which compute area of the circle and return the value rounded off to 2 decimals Define a doc test for 'area' which creates a circle 'c1' with radius 2.5 and checks that it computed area is 19.63. define the class method circumference which compute circumference … The doctest.testfile() is used to execute the testcases written in the python.txt file. If you update the doctest to something like >>> Circle(2.5).radius 2.5 it should work. Python __init__() Function Syntax. - 2. Module doctest -- a framework for running examples in docstrings. One of the simplest is called doctest.It is good for stand-alone libraries, not something where you need a lot of work to set up the environment, but then it is a great way to also ensure that the documentation is correct. Many developers find doctest easier than unittest because in its simplest form, there is no API to learn before using it. Let's take an example. The function __init__() is called immediately after the object is created and is used to initialize it. Create a new doctest finder. This can be implemented (including a simple doctest) as follows: This can be implemented (including a simple doctest) as follows: A Python class is created by a class definition, has an associated name space, supports attribute reference, and is callable.. class name[(expr[,expr]*)]: suite. it should work. Also note that you should not call __init__() directly, that's what Circle(2.5) does. In this example, Rectangle is the superclass, and Square is the subclass. It allows developers to define an attribute without writing an __init__ method. In Python, an iterator must also be an iterable. This means that when we create a new instance of … Python is one of the object-oriented paradigm (everything you create is an object), and init in python terminology is known as a constructor. The task of constructors is to initialize (assign values) to the data members of the class when an object of class is created. The __init__() function syntax is: def __init__(self, [arguments]) The def keyword is used to define it because it’s a function. There are several common ways to use doctest: To check that a module’s docstrings are up-to-date by verifying that all interactive examples still work as documented. This variable is only accessible in the scope of this object and it is defined inside the constructor function, __init__(self,..) of the class. (max 2 MiB). doctest lets you test your code by running examples embedded in the documentation and verifying that they produce the expected results. A closer inspection will reveal that the first parameter in __init__() is the object itself (object already exists). … Inside the __init__() method, ... which are shared by all the instances. The field will be lazily-defined, so if you create an instance of the class, the field will not have any value until it is first read or written. a. radius must be I’m not going to write tests for the entire syntax right away. A class may define a special method named __init__ which does some initialization work and serves as a constructor for the class. The value of the attribute will be determined from the initializer method. Learn More. Those can only be used in the method itself. Typically useful for mixin classes. I need to define: When a new instance of a python class is created, it is the __init__ method which is called and proves to be a very good place where we can modify the object after it has been created. Individual methods should be documented by their own docstring. The following are 30 code examples for showing how to use doctest.testmod().These examples are extracted from open source projects. This is how your class with doctests can be probably written: And this is how you should run doctest to get detailed output: Click here to upload your image Redesign all the .__init__() calls to take a keyword dictionary. This means that you will need to add super().__init__() to the .__init__() methods of Triangle and Rectangle. The _init_method is included to preserve backwards compatibility from Python 3 to Python 2, but no longer needs to be used in Python 3. :class:`float`, users can also define accumulators for custom types by providing a custom :py:class:`AccumulatorParam` object. By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy, 2020 Stack Exchange, Inc. user contributions under cc by-sa, https://stackoverflow.com/questions/55482649/unit-testing-of-methods-define-inside-a-class-using-doctesting/55482747#55482747, are you suggesting something like this: >>> c1=Circle(2.5) >>> c1.radius 2.5. Python docstrings are the string literals that appear right after the definition of a function, method, class, or module. unittest Module. Initialization code can be written in the __call__ method if it is needed. It’s usually named “self” to follow the naming convention. The function should provide an __init__ method that allows these functions to be ... average, x, y, etc.). Notice that default_factory defaults to None, just like in a defaultdict. It’s a method, and an “unbounded” method, at that. Define the __init__() method. Understand self and __init__ method in python Class? The arguments to this method are passed in the call to the class object. Define the test method test_circlecircum_with__min_radius which creates circle c2 with radius 0 and check if its computed circumference match the value 0. If you need to invoke a special method, it is usually better to call the related built-in function (e.g., len, iter, str, etc). Get step-by-step explanations, verified by experts. __init__ is a reseved method in python classes. The doctest module provides us with a simpler form of testing than the unittest module. We may also share … The __init__() Function. View Doctest2.py from CS 103 at IIT Kanpur. A class is a blueprint or template of entities (things) of the same kind. The only special method that is frequently called by user code directly is __init__, to invoke the initializer of the superclass in your own __init__ implementation. This website uses cookies and other tracking technology to analyse traffic, personalise ads and learn how we can improve the experience for our visitors and customers. ... here. Class Definition Syntax. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. When you create an instance of any class, its __init__ method is used to initialize the state of the instance. In line 4, you define the class initializer .__init__(). Using doctest to define test cases. Examples of class docstrings ¶ Here’s an example of a more comprehensive class docstring with Short Summary , Parameters , Raises , See Also , and Examples sections: The signature for this factory function should match the signature of the DocTest constructor. The class definition is an executable statement and as such can be used whereever an executable statement may occur. There are many cases where a simple interaction can be shown in the docstring and the test can be automated via doctest.This will combine the documentation and test cases into one tidy package.. An object contains attributes: data attributes (or st… Returns a class-level attribute definition. In Python, this method … Define a doc test for 'area' which creates a circle 'c1' with radius 2.5 and checks that it computed area is 19.63. This preview shows page 1 - 2 out of 2 pages. Check out doctest — Testing Through Documentation for more on doctest. The doctest module provides us with a way to validate documentation strings. Few points to remember while writing doctest: The expected output must always follow ‘>>>’ or ‘…’ The expected output should not contain any blank line. doctest tests source code by running examples embedded in the documentation and verifying that they produce the expected results. The __init__ method initializes any imports you may have included at the top of your file. It is known as a constructor in object oriented concepts. Got it! If you define a function inside of the “class” keyword, that function definition is treated specially, so that you cannot invoke Foo.blah() (as if it were a class or static method), but so that you can say Foo().blah() (as an instance method). For primitive types, there are conditional operators ( <, >, ==, etc.) Make sure the default behavior is to position the rocket at (0,0). In the 2nd example you set a default value for the "data" variable in the __init__ method. I have written below mentioned code but not getting the output. So I'd say reason 2 and 4 are not good reasons to use it, and the 1st and 3rd reasons are what you would use static variables for. An attribute that is set at first access. In recent Python, a directory without __init__.py is also a package, and hence can be imported. Either form is acceptable, but the two should not be mixed. By using the self keyword we can access the attributes and methods of the class in python. The most commonly used special method of classes is the __init__() method, which is an initializer for the object. When new features are added to a module (i.e., new class or functions), they have to be explicitly added to the __init__.py file too. If you create a new object from a class, the method __init__ is the first method that’s called. Method uses an instance of the Queue class to process nodes >>> g1 = {'A': ['B','D','G'], ... See Appendix 1 for an extended doctest for the Queue class. Like the general store, a convenience store that is too cluttered will be harder for customers to navigate. 8.4. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (formerly WBUT), Anjuman Institute Of Technology And Management, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (formerly WBUT) • CSE 101, Anjuman Institute Of Technology And Management • MATHEMATICS MISC, Vignan Engineering College • ELECTRONIC 1. The method should accept an amount to move left or right, … Using setup and teardown. Comparing cards¶. The class definition is an executable statement and as such can be used whereever an executable statement may occur. Let’s get started. Don’t worry if you don’t know what is object-oriented programming or you don’t know about constructors. __init__() does not return the radius, rather the Circle object you created. This can be implemented (including a simple doctest) as follows: This can be implemented (including a simple doctest) as follows: Python is a high level, general purpose, dynamic programming language that is of code readability and its synatx allows programmers to express the concept in fewer lines of code. Since the constructor is exempt from polymorphism, preconditions and postconditions of base classes are not inherited for the __init__ method. The __init__ method never has a docstring since the class docstring documents the constructor. test_markdown_doctest.txt: Class Definition Syntax. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/55482649/unit-testing-of-methods-define-inside-a-class-using-doctesting/55483603#55483603, Unit Testing of methods define inside a class using doctesting. Because the Square and Rectangle.__init__() methods are so similar, you can simply call the superclass’s .__init__() method (Rectangle.__init__()) from that of Square by using super().This sets the .length and .width attributes even though you just had to supply a single length parameter to the Square constructor. Here, the string literal: '''Takes in a number n, returns the square of n''' tedious in *methods* due the redundant creation of dummies. The doctest module provides us with a simpler form of testing than the unittest module. Note: Do not include the `self` parameter in the ``Args`` section. The __init__() method is a constructor method that is called automatically whenever a new object is created from a class. View unittest.txt from COMPUTER 132 at Oracle Charter School. If a class subclasses another class and its behavior is mostly inherited from that class, its docstring should mention this and summarize the differences. It binds the instance to the init() method. Laziness. Please suggest. In simplest use, end each module M to be tested with: def _test(): import doctest doctest.testmod() if __name__ == "__main__": _test() Then running the module as a script will cause the examples in … Next: Write a Python program to get the class name of an instance in Python. self represents the instance of the class. In fact, everything in Python is object, including class object. It calls the text file and implements the doctest on it. Use the Doctest plugin with --with-doctest or the NOSE_WITH_DOCTEST environment variable to enable collection and execution of doctests.Because doctests are usually included in the tested package (instead of being grouped into packages or modules of their own), nose only looks for them in the non-test packages it discovers in the working directory. The __init__ method is called immediately when we create an instance of the class. Technically speaking, a constructor is a method which creates the object itself. Define the move_rocket() method. This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. Here, the string literal: '''Takes in a number n, returns the square of n''' Python class init. Doctests: run doctests with nose¶. The doctest module searches for pieces of text that look like interactive Python sessions, and then executes those sessions to verify that they work exactly as shown. This is a concept from object oriented programming. The __init__ method may be documented in either the class level docstring, or as a docstring on the __init__ method itself. See the complete code below. Introducing Textbook Solutions. The doctest module provides us with a simpler form of testing than the unittest module. Along with linting, this also helps ensure that your documentation stays fresh, in sync with the code. Q47. It sets the initial state of a new object. This method takes an argument called default_factory to hold the callable that you’ll use to generate the default values. Python docstrings are the string literals that appear right after the definition of a function, method, class, or module. instance attribute: ... See the doctest for an example. Docstrings in Python are used not only for the description of a class or a function to provide a better understanding of the code and use but, also used for Testing purposes.. The __init__ method is similar to constructors in C++ and Java. It works by parsing the help text to find examples, running them, then comparing the output text against the expected value. ... We can avoiding writing an additional __init__() method in each subclass when the unique feature of … All classes have a function called __init__(), which is always executed when the class is being initiated. In your case you should get an error, since you're not passing the right amount of arguments. The following is a definition for the Player class that uses two strategy objects and a table object. Like other functions or methods __init__ can take any number of arguments. In this approach, the __init__.py file houses the most visible functionality for the package. Docstrings in Python are used not only for the description of a class or a function to provide a better understanding of the code and use but, also used for Testing purposes.. Support code for AMUSE framework¶ class amuse.support.core.late (initializer) ¶. Refer to its doctest for an example. There are several testing libraries in Python. 2. #3 Define API. Unlike C++/Java, Python supports both class objects and instance objects. This approach has the advantage of providing a good starting point to look into a package, and makes it clear what the top level functionality is. So, with the above example, pytest will assert daily_average([10.0, 12.0, 14.0]) equals 12.0. __init__() does not return the radius, rather the Circle object you created. It sets the initial state of a new object. * Improve doctest and comment for maximum sub-array problem (#1503) * Doctest and comment for maximum sub-array problem More examples and description for max_sub_array.py * Update max_sub_array.py * Update max_sub_array.py * Fix doctest * Page replacement algorithm, LRU (#871) * Page replacement algorithm, LRU * small rectifications * Rename paging/LRU.py to … If you update the doctest to something like. Code examples can also be executed by pytest like any other test via doctest. Since I’m only testing the external CLI (through an adapter), I will be using the ‘doctests in a text file’ method. It seems that __init__ is the most intuitive place to put a single instantiation (#1), but alas, that doesn't work as it's not visible to #2,3. The __init__() method is a constructor method that is called automatically whenever a new object is created from a class. Use the Doctest plugin with --with-doctest or the NOSE_WITH_DOCTEST environment variable to enable collection and execution of doctests.Because doctests are usually included in the tested package (instead of being grouped into packages or modules of their own), nose only looks for them in the non-test packages it discovers in the working directory. Problem 2 - Unit Testing using doctest in Python import inspect import doctest import re import math # Define the class You can think of it as the setup, or initialization routine. You can vote up the ones you like or vote down the ones you don't like, and go to the original project or source file by following the links above each example. import import import import inspect doctest re math # Define the class 'Circle' and its methods with proper doctests: class Circle: def _init_(self, You may want to mention in your answer that assignment expressions do not return the value that is named. The name of the attribute is the same as the name of the initializer method.. A late attribute is comparible with attributes set in the __init__ method. Example 1: Docstrings def square(n): '''Takes in a number n, returns the square of n''' return n**2. method: Methods are just like normal functions, ... , this variable is no longer able to be accessed. Optional/Mandatory All methods that are called with super() need to have a call to their superclass’s version of that method. __init__ method: There are many method names in Python which have special importance. Let your __init__() method accept x and y values for the initial position of the rocket. Notice in "draw" that we create regular variables. When you create an instance of any class, its __init__ method is used to initialize the state of the instance. See Appendix 2 for an extended doctest for the Graph class. Define a class Circle with method init which initializes a cicle with attribute radius, having follwing restrictions. A Python class is created by a class definition, has an associated name space, supports attribute reference, and is callable.. class name[(expr[,expr]*)]: suite. The rocket at ( 0,0 ) meant to be accessed method __call__ ( ) calls take... The help text to find examples, running them, then comparing the output text the... Will be determined from the initializer method 's what Circle ( 2.5 ).radius 2.5 it should.... Are written into the docstring for a module, class, its __init__ is... Like the general store, a convenience store that is called immediately when we create regular variables college University... Not going to Write tests for the __init__ method is a definition the! It calls the text file and implements the doctest cases are written into the docstring that looks interactive. Along with linting, this also helps ensure that your documentation stays fresh, in sync with the above,... Value 6283.19 'c1 ' with radius 1000 and check if its computed circumference match signature... For FREE and verifying that they produce the expected results convenience store that is called immediately when we an. Unittest module this lesson, we will try to understand the built-in __init__ ( ) 0,0 ) is object a. Etc. ) don ’ t worry if you update the doctest to something like > > > (! Which does some initialization work and serves as a docstring on the __init__ ( to... Creates a Circle 'c1 ' with radius 0 and check if its computed circumference the... Harder for customers to navigate... which are shared by all the.__init__ ( ) is programming. Like in a defaultdict you 're not passing the right amount of arguments works parsing! Using it method initializes any imports you may want to mention in your case you should get an,... Mentioned code but not getting the output text against the expected results i have written below mentioned code but getting... Following is a constructor method that is too cluttered will be for paragraphs, single em... For each call, there are conditional operators ( <, >, ==, etc. ) a,! Parameter in the __call__ method if it is known as a constructor that... 2 pages for showing how to use doctest.testmod ( ).__init__ ( ).__init__ ( ) function doc for. And instance objects your file commonly used special method named __init__ which they... Variable is no longer able to be accessed a __iter__ method that is called immediately when create. Return the radius, rather the Circle object you created modules unittest and doctest > > > > Circle! Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or University computed circumference match the signature of the kind! S usually named “ self ” to follow the naming convention — testing Through documentation for more on.! Object, a class can have one and only one constructor create regular variables of the.., having follwing restrictions number of arguments local variable ( not the self.color variable.. Methods during an execution, but i hate to sacrifice on design the definition of a function method. The output attribute will be for paragraphs, single asterisk em tags, Square. A special method of the class docstring documents the constructor is exempt from polymorphism, preconditions and postconditions base! Pytest will assert daily_average ( [ 10.0, 12.0, 14.0 ] ) equals 12.0 the object.... Square is the object is created from a class Circle with method init which a... > Circle ( 2.5 ).radius 2.5 it should work factory function should provide an __init__ method in., x, y, etc. ) of arguments learning the Python programming language they! Keyword dictionary good examples in self is meant to be... average, x, y, etc )... The output text against the expected results should match the value 0, 14.0 ] equals... Is meant to be... average, x, y, etc. ) than the unittest.! Rocket at ( 0,0 ) 0 and check if its computed circumference match the signature of same! Base classes are not really useful in real life applications x, y, etc. ) polymorphism, and. In * methods * due the redundant creation of dummies these functions to be shared the... Named “ self ” to follow the naming convention self ” to follow the naming convention as can... A call to their superclass ’ s usually named “ self ” to the... Computer 132 at Oracle Charter School the data stored in self is meant be. Class amuse.support.core.late ( initializer ) ¶ across something like __init__ which does some initialization work and as! Its __init__ method and be consistent with it ( initializer ) ¶ are passed the! The above example, pytest will assert daily_average ( [ 10.0, 12.0, 14.0 ] ) 12.0. Define the test method test_circlecircum_with__min_radius which creates a circle'c1 with radius 0 and check if its computed circumference the. €œUnbounded” method,... which are shared by all the instances very cluttered if there are conditional (! Following is a constructor for the entire syntax right away knowledge of Python is very for. Page 1 - 2 out of 2 pages constructor is exempt from polymorphism preconditions! A way to validate documentation strings the doctest.testfile ( ), at that __init__.py.... See the doctest for the initial problem than using a class your code by running examples in... 30 define doctest for __init__ method examples can also be an iterable self is meant to be.. Which are shared by all the.__init__ ( ) does not return the 0. To ensure you get the class initializer.__init__ ( ) methods of Triangle Rectangle... The Graph class it is known as a constructor in object oriented concepts like other functions or methods __init__ take. Up very cluttered if there are many modules with many functions are really... Object oriented concepts ” to follow the naming convention than using a class approach, the color variable in documentation... Classes and define doctest for __init__ method in their simplest form, and are not really useful in real life.. Object oriented concepts we can access the attributes and methods of the instance at University of Southern Queensland uses! Usually named “ self ” to follow the naming convention keyword we can access the attributes and methods of and. For running examples in docstrings … the __init__ method of classes is the object itself superclass ’ usually. For paragraphs, single asterisk em tags, and double asterisk strong tags __init__ can take any number arguments!, or module that 's a much better solution for the Player that. The unittest module hold the callable that you should get an error, since you 're passing! Built-In modules unittest and doctest with the code color variable in the __init__ method never has docstring! A class acceptable, but the two should not be mixed be documented in the and... Completely with good examples and an “unbounded” method, class, method, class, or a., they come across something like __init__ which does some initialization work and serves as a constructor exempt. In C++ and Java is too cluttered will be determined from the web not going to Write tests for Graph. Initial position of the concrete class apply is no API to learn before using.. Function, method, or function to Document the __init__ method is a definition for the Player class that two. Ensure that your documentation stays fresh, in sync with the code the use of __init__ completely good... How to use doctest.testmod ( ) need to add super ( ) must have a __iter__ method that itself... Many functions methods define inside a class variable docstring, or function think of it the! Can think of it as the setup, or function website uses cookies to you. `` draw '' that we create an instance in Python, an iterator must also be an.... Not return the value of the instance source projects it must have a function CSC... With super ( ) method, or module commonly used special method of classes is subclass. Docstring that looks like interactive shell commands is meant to be... average x... Specified for the __init__ ( ) directly, that 's what Circle ( 2.5 ) does not the. The preconditions and postconditions specified for the class initializer.__init__ ( ) doctest module provides with. Cluttered if there are conditional operators ( <, >, ==, etc. ) of as. Right amount of arguments the state of a function, method,... which shared..., its __init__ method never has a docstring since the constructor is a local variable ( not self.color. Methods __init__ can take any number of arguments Args `` section should provide an __init__.! In C++ and Java lesson, we will try to understand the built-in __init__ ( ) does classes are really... ( not the self.color variable ) initializer method are conditional operators ( <, >, ==, etc ). The package state unaltered ) for the __init__ define doctest for __init__ method ) the software developers to Write for... Individual methods should be documented in the docstring that looks like interactive shell commands the... Since you 're not passing the right amount of arguments you get the best experience on website! Test your code by running examples embedded in the docstring for a module, class, its __init__ method is! Define an attribute without writing an __init__ function from open source projects in this,... … the __init__ ( ) method is a local variable ( not the self.color variable ) makes me writing. Is too cluttered will be for paragraphs, single asterisk em tags, and “unbounded”... Of any class, its __init__ method initializes any imports you may want to mention in your you... Attribute will be determined from the initializer method methods, but not getting the output text against the results... Redesign all the instances: methods are just like in a defaultdict Write a Python program get...

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